## A report from the Workshop in Geometric Topology @ Utah (part 1)

May 29, 2011

I went to Park City this passed week for the Workshop in Geometric Topology. It was a quite cool place filled with ski-equipment stores, Christmas souvenir shops, galleries and little wooden houses for family winter vacations. Well, as you may have guessed, the place would look very interesting in summer. :-P

As the ‘principal speaker’, Professor Gabai gave three consecutive lectures on his ending lamination space paper (this paper was also mentioned in my last post). I would like to sketch some little pieces of ideas presented in perhaps couple of posts.

Classification of simple closed curves on surfaces

Let $S_{g,p}$ denote the (hyperbolic) surface of genus $g$ and $p$ punchers. There is a unique geodesic loop in each homotopy class. However, given a geodesic loop drew on the surface, how would you describe it to a friend over telephone?

Here we wish to find a canonical way to describe homotopy classes of curves on surfaces. This classical result was originally due to Dehn (unpublished), but discovered independently by Thurston in 1976. For simplicity let’s assume for now that $S$ is a closed surface of genus $g$.

Fix pants decomposition $\mathcal{T}$ of $S$, $\mathcal{T} = \{ \tau_1, \tau_2, \cdots, \tau_{3g-3} \}$ is a disjoint union of $3g-3$ ‘cuffs’.

As we can see, any simple closed curve will have an (homology) intersection number with each of the cuffs. Those numbers are non-negative integers:

Around each cuff we may assign an integer twist number, for a cuff with intersection number $n$ and twist number $z$, we ‘twist’ the curve inside a little neighborhood of the cuff so that all transversal segments to the cuff will have $z$ intersections with the curve.

Negative twists merely corresponds to twisting in the other direction:

Theorem: Every simple closed curve is uniquely defined by its intersection number and twisting number w.r.t each of the cuffs.

Conversely, if we consider multi-curves (disjoint union of finitely many simple closed curves) then any element in $\mathbb{Z}^{3g-3} \times \mathbb{Z}_{\geq 0}^{3g-3}$ describes a unique multi-curve.

To see this we first assume that the pants decomposition comes with a canonical ‘untwisted’ curve connecting each pairs of cuffs in each pants. (i.e. there is no god given ‘0’ twist curves, hence we have to fix which ones to start with.)

In the example above our curve was homotopic to the curve $((1,2), (2,1), (1,-4))$.

In other words, pants decompositions (together with the associated 0-twist arcs) give a natural coordinate chart to the set of homotopy class of (multi) curves on a surface. i.e. they are perimetrized by $\mathbb{Z}^{3g-3} \times \mathbb{Z}_{\geq 0}^{3g-3}$.

For the converse, we see that any triple of integers can be realized by filling the pants with a unique set of untwisted arcs:

In fact, this kind of parametrization can be generalized from integers to real numbers, in which case we have measured laminations instead of multi-curves and maximal train trucks on each pants instead of canonical untwisted arcs. i.e.

Theorem: (Thurston) The space of measured laminations $\mathcal{ML}(S)$ on a surface $S$ of genus $g$ is parametrized by $\mathbb{R}^{3g-3} \times \mathbb{R}_{\geq 0}^{3g-3}$. Furthermore, the correspondence is a homeomorphism.

Here the intersection numbers with the cuffs are wrights of the branches of the train track, hence it can be any non-negative real number. The twisting number is now defined on a continuous family of arcs, hence can be any real number, as shown below:

As we can see, just as in the case of multi-curves, any triple of real numbers assigned to the cuffs can be realized as the weights of branches of a train track on the pants.

### 9 Responses to “A report from the Workshop in Geometric Topology @ Utah (part 1)”

1. Tejas Says:

Did you draw all those figures ? For a blog post, thats impressive!

2. vidyasagarmm Says:

Hey, can you please let me know how you managed to such beautiful pictures?

• 777 Says:

Hi there~ thanks for the comment~
As said before, I pretty much just ‘hand-draw’ them in adobe illustrator…:-P

3. […] A report from the Workshop in Geometric Topology @ Utah (part 1) […]

4. […] A report from the Workshop in Geometric Topology @ Utah (part 1) […]

5. JonJones Says:

Hi Conan Wu,

Your blog is amazing and the drawings are realy well done. However I’m having some trouble to understand the last figure in this post. Specifically the numbers 1, 2/3 and 1/2. No matter how I count the branches of the train track the weights doest fit it.

• 777 Says:

Hi Jon,

Glad you had fun reading! (Haven’t been looking at train tracks for a long time! You made me look at them again, was fun!)
So, the last diagram isn’t meant to actually having the number of curves added up; as we were sating, the weight can be any positive real number, not only rational numbers; what I meant here is that, given any triple of positive real numbers (e.g. 1, 1/2, 2/3) there is a way to assign weights to the branches where they match all 3 on the cuffs. In this example, the thin branch on the right would carry a weight of 1/12, so that we have (1/2-1/12)+(2/3-1/12)=1. Agree that to be actually accurate I should have put 12 lines in the left cuff, 6 in top and 8 in the right.

Hope that helps~

Cheers,
C

• JonJones Says:

Hi Conan,

When I saw the year you have posted I was hopeless to receive an answer. It clarified the figure at all. Thank you to spent a time recovering the material to give me the answer.

Cheers,

João